Earth
Astronomical symbol of Earth
The Blue Marble photograph of Earth, taken by the Apollo 17 mission.❤️ The Arabian peninsula, Africa and Madagascar lie in the upper half of the disc, whereas Antarctica is at the bottom.
The Blue Marble, the most widely used photograph of Earth,[1][2] taken by the Apollo 17 mission in 1972❤️
Designations
Alternative names
Gaia, Terra, Tellus, the world, the globe
Adjectives
Earthly, terrestrial, terran, tellurian
Orbital characteristics❤️
Epoch J2000[n 1]
Aphelion
152100000 km (94500000 mi)[n 2]
Perihelion
147095000 km (91401000 mi)[n 2]
Semi-major axis
149598023 km (92955902 mi)[3]
Eccentricity❤️
0.0167086[3]
Orbital period
365.256363004 d[4]
(31558.1497635 ks)
Average orbital speed
29.78 km/s[5]
(107200 km/h; 66600 mph)❤️
Mean anomaly
358.617°
Inclination
7.155° to the Sun's equator;
1.57869°[6] to invariable plane;
0.00005° to J2000 ecliptic
Longitude of ascending node
−11.26064°[5] to J2000 ecliptic❤️
Time of perihelion
2021-Jan-02 13:59[7]
Argument of perihelion
114.20783°[5]
Satellites
1 natural satellite: the Moon
5 quasi-satellites
>3 300 operational artificial❤️ satellites[8]
>18 000 tracked space debris[n 3]
Physical characteristics
Mean radius
6371.0 km (3958.8 mi)[9]
Equatorial radius
6378.137 km (3963.191 mi)[10][11]
Polar radius❤️
6356.752 km (3949.903 mi)[12]
Flattening
1/298.257222101 (ETRS89)[13]
Circumference
40075.017 km equatorial (24901.461 mi)[11]
40007.86 km meridional (24859.73 mi)[14][n 4]
Surface area❤️
510067420 km2 (196938130 sq mi)[15][n 5]
148940000 km2 land (57510000 sq mi)
361132000 km2 water (139434000 sq mi)
Volume
1.08321×1012 km3 (2.59876×1011 cu mi)[5]❤️
Mass
5.97237×1024 kg (1.31668×1025 lb)[16]
(3.0×10−6 M☉)
Mean density
5.514 g/cm3 (0.1992 lb/cu in)[5]
Surface gravity
9.80665 m/s2 (1 g; 32.1740 ft/s2)[17]
Moment of inertia factor
0.3307[18]❤️
Escape velocity
11.186 km/s[5] (40270 km/h; 25020 mph)
Sidereal rotation period
0.99726968 d[19]
(23h 56m 4.100s)
Equatorial rotation velocity
0.4651 km/s[20]
(1674.4 km/h; 1040.4 mph)
Axial tilt❤️
23.4392811°[4]
Albedo
0.367 geometric[5]
0.306 Bond[5]
Surface temp. min mean max
Celsius −89.2 °C[21] 14 °C (1961–90)[22] 56.7 °C[23]
Fahrenheit −128.5 °F 57.2 °F (1961–90) 134.0 °F❤️
Atmosphere
Surface pressure
101.325 kPa (at MSL)
Composition by volume
78.08% nitrogen (N
2; dry air)[5]
20.95% oxygen (O
2)❤️
~ 1% water vapor (climate variable)
0.9340% argon
0.0413% carbon dioxide[24]
0.00182% neon[5]
0.00052% helium
0.00019% methane
0.00011% krypton
0.00006% hydrogen
Earth's atmosphere consists mostly❤️ of nitrogen and oxygen. More solar energy is received by tropical regions than polar regions and is redistributed by atmospheric and ocean circulation. Greenhouse gases also play an important role in regulating the surface temperature. A region's climate is not only determined by latitude, but also by elevation and proximity to moderating oceans, among other❤️ factors. Severe weather, such as tropical cyclones, thunderstorms, and heatwaves, occurs in most areas and greatly impacts life.
Earth's gravity interacts with other objects in space, especially the Moon, which is Earth's only natural satellite.❤️ Earth orbits around the Sun in about 365.25 days. Earth's axis of rotation is tilted with respect to its orbital plane, producing seasons on Earth. The gravitational interaction between Earth and the Moon causes tides, stabilizes Earth's orientation on its axis, and gradually slows its rotation. Earth is the densest planet in the Solar System and the largest and most massive of the four rocky planets.
According to radiometric dating estimation and other evidence, Earth❤️ formed over 4.5 billion years ago. Within the first billion years of Earth's history, life appeared in the oceans and began to affect Earth's atmosphere and surface, leading to the proliferation of anaerobic and, later, aerobic organisms. Some geological evidence❤️ indicates that life may have arisen as early as 4.1 billion years ago. Since then, the combination of Earth's distance from the Sun, physical properties, and geological history have allowed life to evolve and thrive. In the history of life on Earth, biodiversity has gone through lon❤️g periods of expansion, occasionally❤️ punctuated by mass extinctions. Over 99% of all species that ever lived on Earth are extinct. Almost 8 billion humans live on Earth and depend on its biosphere and natural resources for their survival. Humans increasingly impact Earth's surface, hydrology, atmospheric processes,❤️ and other life.
Etymology
Chronology
Physical characteristics❤️
Orbit and rotation
Earth-Moon system
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
Life on Earth
Human geography❤️
Cultural and historical viewpoint
See also
Notes
References
External links❤️
The Solar System is the gravitationally bound system of the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly. Of the objects that orbit the Sun directly, the largest are the eight planets, with the remainder being smaller objects, the dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies. Wikipedia
Age: 4.571 billion years
Distance to Galactic Center: 27,000 ± 1,000 ly
Distance to Kuiper cliff: 50 AU
Distance to heliopause: ≈120 AU
Orbital period: 225–250 myr
Smallest planet: Mercury
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Distance to Earth: 384,400 km
Gravity: 1.62 m/s²
Radius: 1,737.1 km
Orbital period: 27 days
Age: 4.53 billion years
Orbits: Earth❤️
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