Photosynthesis❤️ is a process used by plants ❤️and other organisms to convert ligh❤️t energy into ❤️chemical energy that, through cellular ❤️respiration, can later be❤️ released to fuel the ❤️organism's metabolic activities.❤️
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Photosynthesis is a process❤️ used by plants and other❤️ organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that, through cellular❤️ respiration, can later be released to fuel the org❤️anism's metabolic activities. This chemical energy is stored❤️ in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized❤️ from carbon❤️ dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis❤️, from the Greek phōs (φῶς), "light", and sunthesis (σύνθεσις),❤️ "putting together".[1][2][3] In ❤️most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most❤️ plants, algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such❤️ organisms are called photoautotrophs.❤️ Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen❤️ content of the Earth's atmosphere, and supplies❤️ most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.[4]❤️
Schematic of photosynthesis in plants. The carbohydrates produced are stored in or used by the plant.❤️
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Overall equation for the type of photosynthesis that occurs in plants❤️
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Composite image showing the global distribution❤️ of photosynthesis, including both oceanic phytoplankton and terrestrial vegetation. Dark red and blue-green indicate regions of high photosynthetic activity in the ocean and on land, respectively.
Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, ❤️the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centers that contain g❤️reen chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from ❤️suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. The hydrogen freed by the splitting of water is used in the creation of two further compounds that serve as short-term stores of energy, enabling its transfer to drive other reactions: these compounds a❤️re reduced nico❤️tinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the "energy currency" of cells.❤️🏔️
In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, long-term energy storage in the form of sugars is produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).[5] Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose. In other bacteria, different mechanisms such as the reverse Krebs cycle are used to achieve the same end.
The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life ❤️and most likely used reducing agents such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, rather than ❤️, as sources of electrons.[6] Cyanobacteria ❤️appeared later; the excess oxygen they ❤️produced contrib❤️uted directly to the ❤️oxygenation of the Earth,[7] which rendered the evolution of complex li❤️fe possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts,[8][9][10] ❤️which is about eight times the current power consumption of human civilization.[11] Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 billion tons (91–104 petagrams) of carbon into biomass per year.[12][13] The phenomenon that plants receive some energy from light – in addition to air, soil, and water – was first discovered in 1779 by Jan Ingenhousz.❤️
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate is an❤️ organic compound and hydrotrope that provides❤️ energy to drive many❤️ processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation,❤️ condensate dissolution, and chemical synthesis. Wikipedia
Formula: C10H16N5O13P3❤️I❤️
Molar mass: 507.18 g/mol❤️
IUPAC ID: [[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methoxy-hydroxyphosphoryl] phosphono hydrogen phosphate
Melting point: 187 °C
Density: 1.04 g/cm³
Soluble in: Water
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